the nature of the origin (natural, anthropogenic, anthropogenic, environmental, mixed);
industrial hazards (physical, chemical, biological, physiological, organizational);
at the time of the occurrence of negative effects: impulsive (in the form of short-term effects, e.g. impact) and cumulative (accumulation in living organisms, and the summation of the action of certain substances and poisons);
the location in the environment: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere;
in the sphere of human activities: domestic, industrial, sports, military, road traffic, etc.;
for bringing damage: social, technical, economic, environmental, etc.;
the nature of human exposure active (have a direct impact on human prisoners by the energy resources); passive-active (activated by the energy, the bearer of which is man himself, the surface roughness, slope, lifts, a slight friction between the contacting surfaces, etc.); passive — manifested indirectly (this group includes the properties related to the corrosion of materials and scale, inadequate structural strength, increased loads on equipment, etc. are Manifested in the form of destruction, explosions, etc.);
voluntary and involuntary risk: exposure to hazards can be voluntary, for example, practicing skiing, climbing or working in an industrial plant, and force, being close to the scene at the time of implementation of risk-bilities. This approach allows us to highlight the danger of manufacturing and non-manufacturing (risk population); structure (structure): simple (electric current, high temperature) and derivatives generated by the interaction of the simple (fire, explosion, etc.). concentration: concentrated (for example, dumping of toxic waste) and scattered (for example, pollution of the soil deposited from the emissions of thermal power plants). The list goes on. The taxonomy is carried out depending on the kind of goal set by the researcher, for example: to evaluate the effects of changes in the environment on the human body.
A significant part of the above hazards do not always result in accidents, but complicates the performance of work under regulated technology. The taxonomy allows to select the basic.
Examples of taxonomies
Examples typical of the dangers arising from the failure of technical systems.
Classification by effects of changes in ambient conditions. Any noticeable deviation from the usual identified in the course of a long biological evolution of the conditions of human existence leads to injury or diseases. The most significant parameters of the environment relevant to its normal and safe activity, are as follows:
a) temperature;
b) the pressure of the ambient air;
C) external pressures on specific areas of the body;
d) oxygen concentration;
d) the concentration of toxic or corrosive substances;
e) the concentration of pathogens;
g) the flux of electromagnetic radiation;
h) the level of ionizing radiation;
I) difference of electrical potential;
K) noise levels.
Impacts associated with raising or lowering the temperature of the human body (both inside and outside), can lead to injuries or deaths. Such impacts include thermal radiation, convection and direct heat transfer from the skin or the inhalation of too much hot or cold air, ingestion of too cold or warm liquids or solids.
Sudden changes in the pressure of the surrounding air due to the action of air shock waves can cause injury or death. Mechanical injuries occur due to application of excessive pressure to certain areas of the human body. Mechanical injury is a lacerated and incised wounds, contusions, fractures, breaks parts of the body, injuries involving the vital organs — brain, heart, lungs, and other organs.
The decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the air leads to injury and death. A break in the breath occurs when a person is drowning or buried under solid materials. On the other hand, and excess oxygen threat. When the oxygen concentration sharply occurs a fire hazard. It is well known that the presence of certain substances in the environment leads to disease or death (e.g., excessive concentration of oxide or carbon dioxide).
It is less well known that excessive concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms are harmful and lead to infectious diseases. For all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, there are limits of intensity, beyond which their impact on the human body becomes dangerous for health.
The human body has adapted to survival in conditions of natural radioactive background, and the contribution of a relatively small component of the technosphere (nuclear power in normal operation conditions, medical diagnostics, nondestructive testing technique, etc.) can be considered harmless. Elevated levels of radiation exposure leads to chronic diseases, significant doses cause radiation sickness and death.
The human body is sensitive to the potential difference of the order of tens of volts. The potential difference of hundreds of volts (it doesn't matter whether AC or DC voltage) may lead to death.
Audio loads can lead to chronic diseases non-fatal in nature.
Taxonomy at the time of implementation. In medicine has long used the terms "acute" and "chronic" to describe the nature of the disease: a rapidly evolving and rapidly the disease is called "acute", slowly developing and long current disease referred to as chronic. In medicine never was given the exact values of the concepts "fast" and "slow". From a medical point of view the concept of "acute" or "chronic" does not in any way associated with the severity of the disease, the understanding of these terms are preserved when considering the dangers. It is easy to see that the terms "acute" and "chronic" respond opposite poles of a range of values; to make a strict dividing line between them is very difficult. The term "acute" will refer to hazards for which the time of the action does not exceed hours. The danger will be referred to as "chronic" when its realization is more than a month. Danger, term of implementation of which is inside the indicated interval, will be considered as a cross between acute and chronic hazards. Table 1.2 illustrates the use of such a classification. Under the duration risk refers to the period during which originate, develop and are affecting factors.